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ELEMENTS OF METRIC GEAR TECHNOLOGY
Table of Contents

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SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO METRIC GEARS 329
1.1 Comparison Of Metric Gears With American Inch Gears 329
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
Comparison of Basic Racks
Metric ISO Basic Rack
Comparison of Gear Calculation Equations
329
329
330
1.2 Metric Standards Worldwide 330
1.2.1
1.2.2
ISO Standards
Foreign Metric Standards
330
330
1.3 Japanese Metric Standards In This Text 330
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
Application of JIS Standards
Symbols
Terminology
Conversion
330
333
334
335
SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO GEAR TECHNOLOGY 335
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Basic Geometry Of Spur Gears
The Law Of Gearing
The Involute Curve
Pitch Circles
Pitch And Module
Module Sizes And Standards
Gear Types And Axial Arrangements
336
336
336
337
337
337
339
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
Parallel Axes Gears
Intersecting Axes Gears
Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gears
Other Special Gears
340
340
340
341
SECTION 3 DETAILS OF INVOLUTE GEARING 341
3.1
3.2
 Pressure Angle
 Proper Meshing And Contact Ratio
341
341
3.2.1 Contact Ratio 342
3.3  The Involute Function 342
SECTION 4 SPUR GEAR CALCULATIONS 342
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
 Standard Spur Gear
 The Generating Of A Spur Gear
 Undercutting
 Enlarged Pinions
 Profile Shifting
 Profile Shifted Spur Gear
 Rack And Spur Gear
342
343
343
344
344
345
346
SECTION 5 INTERNAL GEARS 346
5.1
5.2
5.3
Internal Gear Calculations
Interference In Internal Gears
Internal Gear With Small Differences In Numbers Of Teeth
346
347
348
SECTION 6 HELICAL GEARS 349
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Generation Of The Helical Tooth 
Fundamentals Of Helical Teeth 
Equivalent Spur Gear 
Helical Gear Pressure Angle 
Importance Of Normal Plane Geometry 
Helical Tooth Proportions 
Parallel Shaft Helical Gear Meshes 
Helical Gear Contact Ratio 
Design Considerations 
349
349
350
350
350
350
350
351
351
6.9.1
6.9.2
Involute Interference 
Normal vs. Radial Module (Pitch) 
351
351
6.10  Helical Gear Calculations  351
6.10.1
6.10.2
6.10.3
6.10.4
Normal System Helical Gear 
Radial System Helical Gear 
Sunderland Double Helical Gear 
Helical Rack 
351
352
352
352
SECTION 7  SCREW GEAR OR CROSSED HELICAL GEAR MESHES  354
7.1  Features  354
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
Helix Angle and Hands 
Module 
Center Distance 
Velocity Ratio 
354
354
354
354

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